Country aggregates

• EEA countries+Croatia: The EEA includes the EU27+Norway+Iceland+Liechtenstein. Croatia is from the present EU candidate countries to enter the EU most rapidly. The European Economic Area (EEA) came into being on January 1, 1994 following an agreement between member states of European Free Trade Association (EFTA), the European Community (EC), and all member states of the European Union (EU). It allows these EFTA countries to participate in the European Single Market without joining the EU.
• EU27: includes EU15 and EU12.
• EU15: includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom.
• EU12: includes Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia.

BAT

Best available energy saving technologies.

Energy intensity

Energy consumption of industry related to the value added (at constant price).

Industry technologies

• Process technologies: they refer to all technologies that are used in certain industrial sectors only. Process technologies are sector specific, like e.g. the clinker burning process in cement production, or the aluminium electrolysis in aluminium production.



• Cross-cutting technologies: in contrast to process technologies, cross-cutting technologies are used in several
  or often all industrial sectors. Examples are electric motors for mechanical energy or boilers for heat production.



• Electrical appliances: they include lighting systems and electric motor systems, like ventilation, pumps, compressed air, cooling and other systems.



• Heat generation: heat generation includes the extended use of combined heat and power plants (CHP) as well as efficiency improvements in ordinary boilers.



• Share of efficient motors (EFF1) in motor stock: this indicator shows the diffusion of electric motors in industry's motor stock, that fulfill the minimum requirements given by efficiency class EFF1 (most efficient class)
  in the European electric motors labeling scheme.

MURE

MURE is a simulation tool used to evaluate the energy energy savings potentials at the demand side. MURE (Measures d'Utilisation Rationnelle de l'Énergie) has a rich technological structure for each of the four demand sectors (residential, transport, industry and services) in order to describe the impact of energy efficient technologies. The structure described in a technological manner in MURE comprises modules for:

• Residential Sector Buildings
• Residential Electric Appliances
• Transport Sector
• Industrial Sector: Processes
• Industrial Sector/Service Sector: Cross-cutting Technologies
• Service Sector
• IT Appliances (all sectors) (to be enhanced)
• Demand-side CHP (all sectors)

Potentials (energy saving potentials)

• Low policy intensity potential (LPI): it corresponds to the energy savings obtained in the low policy intensity scenario in comparison to the autonomous scenario.



• High policy intensity potential (HPI): it corresponds to the energy savings obtained in the high policy intensity scenario in comparison to the autonomous scenario.



• Technical potential: it corresponds to the energy savings obtained in the technical scenario in comparison
  to the autonomous scenario.

Scenarios

• Autonomous scenario: this scenario considers that technology diffusion is only driven in an autonomous way. This scenario takes into account the development in terms of demographic drivers, technology and technology diffusion, renovation and demolition rates, new builds, etc. This scenario also includes the impacts of policies previous to the base year as well as of changes in market energy prices.



• Low policy intensity scenario (LPI): this scenario is characterised by a low policy intensity, i.e. by considering an additional technology diffusion of BAT beyond autonomous diffusion only driven by increases in market energy prices and comparatively low level energy efficiency policy measures as in the past in many EU countries. In this case consumer decisions will be motivated by cost-effectiveness criteria based on usual market conditions (high discount rate). Barriers to energy efficiency will continue to persist, including non-economic barriers such as information deficits, administrative barriers (e.g. owner-user dilemma in the building sector etc.).



• High policy intensity scenario (HPI): this scenario describes the additional technology diffusion of best energy saving technologies (BAT) to the maximum possible, from an economic viewpoint. It considers cost effectiveness from a country perspective, given the fact that one can assume in such a case a high policy intensity which reduces transaction costs and removes barriers for the consumer by suitable measures.



• Technical scenario: this scenario considers a full technology diffusion of BAT to the maximum possible. The maximum, here, corresponds to technical limits. It shows how much MORE energy could hypothetically be saved by the year 20## if all investments in end-use technology, buildings etc, were moved to BAT (whatever the cost) during renovation cycles or in new installations each year between now and 20##? This is a hypothetical maximum that in practice will never be reached. However, even this technical scenario is designed with a certain “realism”: it respects generally investment cycles (unless the acceleration of investment cycles appears clearly as a policy option), it considers BATs which appear technically viable with some probability, and it does not include technical options whose cost are completely out of scope from any realistic consideration.

Technology drivers

Technical variables or market share of technologies the projection of which is function of the scenario.

Rate of energy savings

The percentage savings for year t relate for each end-use or appliance to the energy consumption of each end-use or appliance at year t corresponding to an autonomous progress scenario. The rate of energy savings of a sector (e.g. industry, households) relates to the overall energy consumption of the sector. The percentages savings for each end-use or appliance cannot be added to get a total.

Other IT appliances

They comprise the following appliances:

• Set-top boxes (strongly increasing energy demand due to digital TV etc.)
• Computers (increasing consumption trend in normal mode)
• Screens (technological change, increasing screen size)
• Routers/modems (increasing energy demand in households)

ESD-potential in industry

It represents a proxy for the saving potentials in sectors tackled by the ESD directive, which excludes all branches that are covered by the European emissions trading scheme (ETS). Consequently the ESD-potential is calculated as the total potential minus the potential to realise savings related to direct CO2 emissions in the sectors iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, paper and printing, non-metallic minerals and the chemical industry.

ESD-potential in the residential sector

(1) = (2) + (4) Total saving potential for heating: Sum of potentials from heating, existing and new dwellings (incl. electric heating and fuel substitution from electric heating towards other types of heating. Substitution of fossil fuels by renewables is also included in the potentials).

(2) Total saving potential for heating from existing stock: Savings stemming from both refurbishment of the EXISTING stock and the penetration and improved quality of more efficient heating systems in the stock. Potentials from hot water are not included in this item.

(3) Total saving potential for heating from refurbishment existing stock: Saving potentials from the increased penetration of refurbishment measures for the EXISTING stock (excl. heating systems). This is part of (2).

(4) Total saving potential for heating new dwellings: Saving potentials from the penetration of more efficient new building types on the market, including more efficient heating systems.

(5) Total saving potential for water heating: Potential from hot water preparation (incl. electric heating and fuel substitution from electric heating towards other types of heating. Substitution of fossil fuels by renewables is also included in the potentials).

(6) Savings from electrical appliances for households: This is the sum of the potentials for all electric appliances mentioned including lighting and IT appliances. Potentials from electric heating are not included.

(7) Fuels saving potential for households: Sum of potentials from fuel uses for heating, hot water and cooking.

(8) Electricity saving potential for households: Sum of potentials from electricity uses for electric appliances (incl. IT appliances), lighting, heating, hot water and cooking.

(9) = (7) + (8) = (1) + (5) + (6) Total saving potential for households: Sum of fuel and electricity saving potentials or of the potentials for the different residential end-uses (heating, hot water, electric appliances/lighting).

(10) Individual electric appliances: The percentage savings relate to the electricity consumption of the individual appliances.

(11) Savings from electrical appliances for households: The percentage savings relate to the electricity consumption of the sum individual appliances + lighting. Electric heating and war water preparation is excluded.